Publication detail

An Overview on Blockchain for Smartphones: State-of-the-Art, Consensus, Implementation, Challenges and Future Trends

OMETOV, A. BARDINOVA, Y. AFANASYEVA, A. MAŠEK, P. ZHIDANOV, K. VANURIN, S. SAYFULLIN, M. SHUBINA, V. KOMAROV, M. BEZZATEEV, S.

Original Title

An Overview on Blockchain for Smartphones: State-of-the-Art, Consensus, Implementation, Challenges and Future Trends

Type

journal article in Web of Science

Language

English

Original Abstract

The blockchain technology is currently penetrating different areas of the modern Information and Communications Technology community. Most of the devices involved in blockchain-related processes are specially designed targeting only the mining aspect, i.e., solving the computational puzzle task. At the same time, the use of wearable and mobile devices may also become a part of eCommerce blockchain operation, especially during the on-charge time. The paper considers the possibility of using a large number of constrained devices to support the operation of the blockchain with a low impact on battery consumption. The utilization of such devices is expected to improve the system efficiency as well as to attract a more substantial number of users. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge with a survey of the main applications of blockchain for smartphones along with existing mobile blockchain projects. It also proposes a novel consensus protocol based on a combination of Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Activity (PoA), and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) algorithms for efficient and on-the-fly utilization on resource-constrained devices. The system was deployed in a worldwide testnet with more than two thousand smartphones and compared with other projects from the user-experienced metrics perspective. The results prove that the utilization of PoA systems on a smartphone does not significantly affect the lifetime of the smartphone battery while existing methods based on PoW have a tremendous negative impact. Finally, the main open challenges and future investigation directions are outlined.

Keywords

Blockchain; Smartphones; Proof-of-work; Proof-of-Stake; Proof-of-Activity

Authors

OMETOV, A.; BARDINOVA, Y.; AFANASYEVA, A.; MAŠEK, P.; ZHIDANOV, K.; VANURIN, S.; SAYFULLIN, M.; SHUBINA, V.; KOMAROV, M.; BEZZATEEV, S.

Released

1. 6. 2020

Publisher

IEEE

ISBN

2169-3536

Periodical

IEEE Access

Year of study

8

Number

1

State

United States of America

Pages from

103994

Pages to

104015

Pages count

22

URL

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9104713

Full text in the Digital Library

http://hdl.handle.net/11012/193237

BibTex

@article{BUT164178,
  author="OMETOV, A. and BARDINOVA, Y. and AFANASYEVA, A. and MAŠEK, P. and ZHIDANOV, K. and VANURIN, S. and SAYFULLIN, M. and SHUBINA, V. and KOMAROV, M. and BEZZATEEV, S.",
  title="An Overview on Blockchain for Smartphones: State-of-the-Art, Consensus, Implementation, Challenges and Future Trends",
  journal="IEEE Access",
  year="2020",
  volume="8",
  number="1",
  pages="103994--104015",
  doi="10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2998951",
  issn="2169-3536",
  url="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9104713"
}